Thursday 22 May 2014

So long, farewell

After 10 weeks of blogging twice a week, we made it!! This blog will be a summary of what we have discussed throughout JN1001. We explored a range of topics, these include:
  1. Commercial and public media;
  2. Convergence in the media;
  3. News values;
  4. Agenda setting;
  5. Print and web;
  6. Pictures and sound;
  7. War, disaster and trauma;
  8. Ethics;
  9. Political economy, and;
  10. Investigative journalism.
In addition, we completed assessment related to the topics taught. First was the personal media diary as evidenced within the tables below, I clearly consume more media then I produce. This was quite shocking for me, I didn't realise that I engaged with media and technology as much as I do. I consumed and produced media through various technologies, these include: general internet, news, visual media, radio and social media which is where I gathered most of my information from. 



In addition, since week 2 all JN1001 students were asked to blog on the lecture material and on something personal; whether that be a news story of interest, a movie review, a special occasion, etc. This was a great opportunity for students to incorporate writing styles and topics discussed to critically examine a particular topic of interest. My personal blogs looked at: the big name, mobile phones, rodeos, a movie review, gender stereotypes, the hill hoist, beauty, Cyclone Ita, The Freedom Writers and Martin Luther King. I also posted a picture story of my car that was damaged during Cyclone Ita (see image below) as well as a news story twisted into a fairy tale. 


So there we are. The weeks have flown by and I have learn't so much. My view on journalism has certainly been broadened and I can now understand the challenges journalists face. I hope you have enjoyed reading my blog as much as I have had writing them. 

Thank you :)

Political economy in the media

This is it. My final blog post for JN1001 and what better topic to discuss then Political Economy. Rebert McChesney (2011) defines political economy in the media as "a critical exercise committed to enhancing democracy". Information provided by the media is carefully selected and shaped. Political economy has five core concept, these include:

  1. Ownership
  2. Control
  3. Regulation
  4. Audience Labour
  5. Surveillance
Within our lecture, Marie explained five editorially distorting filters that apply to news reporting in mass media known as the Herman and Chomsky's "Propaganda Model" (see image below). Tad Tietze (2011) said that the propaganda model "remains probably the most serious modern theory of operations of the mass media in capitalist democracies".

Chomsky and Herman understand that making a buck is not just about advertising and sales, but the maintenance of a social order where making a profit in the media is the preserve of a tiny, unaccountable corporate elite (ownership). Information gathering tends to rely on powerful sources such as corporate PR departments, cashed-up think tanks and government and/or state bureaucracies because of a confluence of economic necessity and reciprocity of interests (sourcing). If a media organisation strays too far from acceptable views there are plenty of ways in which they can be put under pressure through public or more surreptitious campaigning (flak). Finally, media outlets tend to initiate or perpetuate campaigns against perceived enemies, external or internal, to bind ordinary media consumers to elite interests (fear).
Figure 1: Herman and Chomsky's Propaganda Model


References
McChesney, R. (2011). The political economy of media. Retrieved from http://hope.journ.wwu.edu/tpilgrim/j190/MacNUBOOKch1.html

Tietze, T. (2011). Limits of liberal critique: Murdoch, the media and the Manne. Retrieved from http://overland.org.au/2011/09/limits-of-liberal-critique-murdoch-the-media-the-manne-qe/

Wednesday 21 May 2014

Revealing hidden truths?

Great journalists, have always been investigators, and still are today. Once news media had grown much more established, larger, and more diversified Investigative 'desks' began to emerge as longer stores with more resources and skills. It wasn't until 1960s and 1970s, when the Watergate Investigation in the USA and journalists Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein, that the concept of 'Investigative Journalism' was created.



Investigative journalism is in-dept journalism of an issue that has public interest. Aretha Asakitikpi (2012) defines public interest as being something that "either a community will be disadvantaged by not knowing, or will benefit by knowing" (p. 23). Investigative journalism should involve a range of sources to expose almost every detail of a case or issue as well as teamwork and a reasonable allocation of time. Investigative journalism does two main things:

  1. Looks beyond individuals to faulty systems and processes;
  2. Uncovers both facts and formally defined as secret and issues nobody wants to talk about; and
  3. Employs the toolkit of any good reporter, but at a very high stand. 
Within our tutorial classes this week, we discussed four different cases and had to identify whether it was investigative report and why/why not. The following paragraph was the most challenging example we examined. 


Case 4: A reporter comes back from an event at a casino resort with photographs that show a well-­‐known, married, industrialist kissing and cuddling with a woman who is not his wife. You check carefully, and establish from the hotel front desk and room staff that he and the woman were booked in as “Mr & Mrs” and spent three nights together. You manage to identify the woman, and discover that she too is married to someone else another highly-­placed tycoon. You are certain that your sources are reliable, and publish a story about the scandalous miss behaviour of public figures.



Answer: At first glance, this LOOKS like investigative reporting. You have checked all the details carefully, have both photographic and interview confirmation, and have accurately identified the people involved. But why are you doing it? There’s no public interest here. The only people concerned are the two lovers and their spouses. This isn’t investigative reporting,  just a  way  to try and sell papers using scandal about well-known names. Gossip, even if meticulously researched, is still only gossip

The following YouTube video is an example of Investigative Reporting.  




References


Asakitiikpi, A. (2012). What is investigative journalism? In B. Nwanne (Ed.), Investigative and Interpretative Reporting (pp. 13-30). Nigeria, Africa: National Open University of Nigeria.  

Friday 9 May 2014

The decision to make or break

This week (week 9) my JN1001 class discussed our most debating and controversial topic yet, 'Ethics'.  Most predominantly a heated debate was discussed within our lecture that will be discussed soon.

Ethics is a very difficult concept for anyone to define. The ethics of one person may be completely different to another, even if they are of the same religion, race or ideological stance. It is for this instance that many debates arises when there is a discussion about ethics. Although, Alas, Gao and Carneiro (2010) define ethics as "a set of prescriptive rules, principles, values and cirtues of character that inform and guide interpersonal and intrapersonal conduct: that is the conduct of people toward each other and the conduct of people toward themselves". From a journalist point of view, it is vital that journalists stick to what they believe in, because when they are faced with ethical issues, it can ultimately make or break their career. There are three main factors that determine whether something is ethical: socio-cultural context, historical context and also political context.

Through the lecture, we discussed many real-life scenarios that have had quite a large impact on journalists. We were asked to position ourselves in the journalist position to decide whether our actions were ethical or not. Although it is hard to 'put yourself into their shoes' in the circumstances and environment that they were in. An example of this was photojournalist, Kevin Carter, which was undoubtedly the most controversial discussion of the class. While reporting in Sudan, Carter captured a photograph of a young, starved Sudanese girl being preyed on by a vulture. The image won Carter a Pulitzer Prize, although many ethical issues heated surrounding Carter's actions. While Marie explained the photograph, many differing opinions of my fellow classmates arose. Personally, I was quite disgusted that Carter was able to capture the image without helping the young girl. Marie also explained that Carter waited 20 minutes in hope for the vulture to spread its wings, which was enough time for him to get the young girl some food from a market a couple hundred metres away. In my opinion, it was pretty heartless of him. I understand yes its him job, but isn't it in all of us to help the needed? All-in-all, I found it to be a pretty unethical thing to do.

Figure 1: Kevin Carter's Photograph in Sudan
It is vital for future journalist to follow their own personal ethics, and ethical practices. When asked to report on an issue or event, investigating the lead/story is crucial to identify whether you can emotionally and physically report on the story without being unethical. Ethics is a great topic that I thoroughly enjoyed exploring this week.

Figure 2: Funny Journalist Cartoon
References
Alas, R., Gao, J., & Carneiro, J. (2010). Connections between ethics and cultural dimensions. In Inzinerine Ekonomika-Engineering Economics, 21(3), pp. 255-262. Retrieved from http://www.ktu.edu/lt/mokslas/zurnalai/inzeko/68/1392-2758-2010-21-3-255.pdf


Martin Lurther King

These were the famous words of Dr Reverend Martin Luther King Junior on the 28th of August, 1963 on the steps of the Washington DC Lincoln memorial during the March on Washington protesting against unjust laws for black Americans. This speech was so inspirational because it aimed to bring the racism that America had experienced for almost 90 years to an end. America was a racist nation in the 1950s and even in the 1960s, but this was a very important time as African American leaders such as Martin Luther King Junior undertook important steps to end the challenges, the discrimination, the segregation and the second-class citizenship that African Americans suffered both in the Southern and Northern states of the United States. Their fight for equality has brought greater equality and respect for African Americans which has a long history in the United States.

Although both northern and southern black Americans were discriminated against, the southern states suffered the most particularly due to Jim Crow Laws which had destroyed the dignity of African-Americans for decades. Most states after the American Civil War down south passed the anti-African American legislation, which were then known as Jim Crow Laws. These laws lasted from the 1880s to the 1960s. This meant that states could force legal punishments on people for mixing with members of another race. The laws related to African Americans and prevented them from attending public schools and using any of the facilities such as restaurants, theatres, hotels, cinemas, public baths, trains or buses. Marriage between African Americans and whites was judged illegal and public businesses
In the 1950s, African-Americans couldn't vote, they couldn't go to white schools and, couldn't get good jobs that paid equal wages, they couldn't live near or be a part of white society. Blacks in southern states were under the threat of constant violence if they didn't accept that they were lower class citizens. Hangings, beatings, and even death threats and actual murders were used to enforce the Jim Crow system.

There were many examples of Jim Crow Laws and these are just a few:
Restaurants It shall be unlawful to conduct a restaurant or other place for the serving of food in the city, at which white and coloured people are served in the same room, unless such white and colored persons are effectually separated by a solid partition extending from the floor upward to a distance of seven feet or higher, and unless a separate entrance from the street is provided for each compartment. Alabama

Nurses No person or corporation shall require any white female nurse to nurse in wards or rooms in hospitals, either public or private, in which negro men are placed. Alabama

Toilet Facilities, Male Every employer of white or negro males shall provide for such white or negro males reasonably accessible and separate toilet facilities. Alabama

The 1950s and 1960s saw a lot of progress for the civil rights movement.
National civil rights leaders decided to keep pressure on both the Kennedy administration and Congress to pass civil rights legislation. The leaders planned a March on Washington to take place in August 1963.

There were many events during the 1950s and 1960s that led to improvements in racial equality. Four major events were the murder of Emmett Till, The Montgomery Bus Boycott, Lunch Sit-Ins and the Washington March.

The murder of Emmett Till moved a nation and inspired this song by Bob Dylan. In 1955, Emmett Till an African American boy at the age of 14, went to spend his holiday with family in Money, Mississippi. Emmet showed his teenage friends a picture of a white girl who he claimed was a girlfriend. His friends then dared him to go into a shop where a white girl was working and talk to her. He took the dare and went and bought some “candy.” When he left the shop he said “Bye baby”  to Carolyn Bryant which was the wife of the shop owner. Some witnesses even said he whistled at her.

When Carolyn’s husband Roy came home and found out about the story he and his half brother kidnapped Emmett and brutally beat him, took him to the edge of the Tallahatchie River, shot him in the head, fastened a large metal fan to his neck with barbed wire, and pushed the body into the river. Emmett’s badly decomposed body was pulled from the rive three days later.

On December 1, in 1955 a black women by the name of Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat on a bus for a white passenger in Montgomery, Alabama. Her action, and subsequent arrest, prompted the Montgomery Bus Boycott that lasted 381 days. During this time African Americans homes were attacked but they refused to ride the buses. It was led by a young minister, Martin Luther King and eventually resulted in a U.S. Supreme Court decision in November 1956 declaring the segregated bus law unconstitutional. Many people believed that Rosa's decision triggered the civil rights movement, a struggle to grant Americans the same rights, regardless of their colour. "She sat down in order that we might stand," said civil rights leader Jesse Jackson. "Her imprisonment opened the doors for out long journey to freedom."

Five years later and as a means of protesting segregation, at lunch counters and stores, African Americans and white supporters organised what were called “sit ins” which were a form of peaceful protests during the 1960s. People involved in the protest would take a seat in an area reserved for “whites only” and wait to be served.

On February 1st, 1960, four students from North Carolina A&T University walked into a Woolworth store in Greensboro. They ordered food and then sat in the white section and refused to move. They were not served.

They stayed until the store closed. The idea took on and others joined the cause. They were taunted by whites but continued.  The protests really hurt Woolworths and other Greensboro businesses. By February 5, over 300 students were sitting in Woolworths stores. The movement spread to over 100 cities and people challenged all forms of segregation including movie theatres, parks, pools and libraries. Finally, on July 26, 1960, the students won their peaceful fight when an integrated Woolworth’s lunch counter was introduced.  This simple act was helping to advance the fight for equal rights.

As a result of the March on Washington, the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was passed through Congress. This was seen as the last chapter in the Civil Rights struggle. It prohibited segregation in housing and discrimination in education and employment.

Martin Luther King, who delivered his 'I Have a Dream Speech' in 1963 was a key player in the civil rights movement. He played a huge role from the start of the Montgomery Bus Boycott until his murder in April 1968. Martin Luther King demonstrated  what the civil rights campaign was all about and he brought the movement to the attention of the world.
Today in the 21st Century life is very different for African-Americans. Great improvements can be seen and the most obvious one is the fact the United States now has an African- American president. Elected in 2009 as America's first black president, Barack Obama has proved that things have changed a lot since the days of the Jim Crow laws and that equality now exists and is a real possibility. Many people have looked at Barack Obama's election as an extension of the 1960s civil rights movement and a great victory for all African-Americans.


Thursday 8 May 2014

Capturing a meaning

Week 7's topic was 'pictures and sound', something I found quite interesting as I already have a love for photography.

Everyone knows the old saying  that 'a picture can tell a 1000 words', but it really is so true! The image that journalists use to represent their story is vital for viewers to understand and have an emotional connect to the story (from a personal viewpoint at least). I mean the image is how you visual imagine the situation or event. Within our lecture we focused on what qualities create a great photo.

Picture stories have evolved immensely since cave stories in 15,000-10,000 BC to holy books and stained glass and newspapers. Now, picture stories known as photojournalism, are evident almost everywhere, with even our perceptions being manipulated by the media. The most evident media distortion I know, is of the 2006 'Evolution' ad as part of the dove campaign for real beauty. The video involves a young woman ("pretty, but ordinary") who is transformed in under 2 minutes. Her make up, hair and photo enhancements really show how far companies will go to gain their audiences attention. However when is enough, enough? 



Digital manipulations are also evident prominently in magazines, online articles and newspapers. Editors are able to eliminate blotchy skin, hair, veins or scars, in addition to adding any features that they desire. Viewers, especially young teenagers, are believing that this is socially acceptable, that perfection is key. The introduction of 'filters' into social media platforms such as Facebook and Instagram have created another world, for people to almost create their ideal look, which is another story completely. 

I cannot wait for our tutorial this week as we get to experiment with our cameras and the 'rule of thirds' to capture a news worthy image. The 'rule of thirds' is used by all photographers that strive on getting a great shot. Within the lecture, we all completed an activity in grounds, analysing images taken at Johnathon Thurston's aunty's funeral. The photographer, Marissa Calligeros, captured the 'news photo of the year' as she considered the framing, focus, angle/point of view, exposure, timing and most importantly capturing the "moment". 

Figure 1: 'Rule of Thirds'
"If it makes you laugh, if it makes you cry, if it rips out your heart, that's a good picture" - Eddie Adams

Print and news online: Back to basics

 This week, my JN1001 class discussed the fundamentals of reporting print and news online. It was a great lecture to refresh and cover topics that were completely new to me. The format of the discussion was made up to two parts: (1) writing for the web and (2) writing beyond the inverted pyramid.

The first thing which a news writer must keep in his/her mind while writing a news story is that the news must be factual, objective and the language employed must be not flowery. We discussed many other ways to be true to the story and dig deeper, without being nosey. Many other simple, obvious news writing styles were explained including how to quote someone. For instance, "I love studying at James Cook University," Bob said, the person's name is followed by 'said'.  

Figure 1: Inverted Pyramid


For the last few weeks, we have been learning about the 'inverted pyramid' style of writing. Despite the medium or format, the 'inverted pyramid' involved discussing the news first; this is the difference between a story and a news story. A story starts at the beginning and works its way to the end whilst a news story starts at or near to the end and towards backwards to the beginning. The 'inverted pyramid' structure is made up of three parts: beginning, middle and end.

We also discussed ‘grey areas’ of interviewing- when conducting an interview; journalists must legally inform the interviewee when they are being recorded, or when what they are saying will be used in a story. Marie explained that in some cases, interviewees will provide a ‘background’ for the story, which they may say ‘off the record,’ but will still give the journalist key understanding of the issue, although they cannot use it directly in their story.

Half way through the semester and we have already learnt so much. I cannot wait to see what we learning in the remaining weeks.